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A hot topic with every customer is the need to improve reliability and reduce downtime. One way companies can achieve this with their centrifugal pumps is to avoid operating pumps at the left of the Best Efficiency Point .
Centrifugal pumps are widely used in various industries for their efficiency in transporting clean fluids. They come in different types based on impeller design, liquid flow, shaft orientation, number of stages, and pump casing. Understanding the various classifications of centrifugal pumps is essential for selecting the right pump for specific applications. In this article, we will explore the different types of centrifugal pumps and their characteristics.
In this in-depth guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about centrifugal
Impeller Types
The impeller is a crucial component of a centrifugal pump that imparts energy to the fluid being pumped. There are several types of impellers used in centrifugal pumps, each designed for specific applications:
1. **Closed Impeller**: This type of impeller has shrouded vanes that enclose the impeller's blades, providing higher efficiency and performance.
2. **Open Impeller**: An open impeller has vanes that are open on both sides, allowing for easier passage of solids and liquids with high viscosity.
3. **Semi-Open Impeller**: A semi-open impeller combines the features of closed and open impellers, offering a balance between efficiency and solids-handling capabilities.
4. **Vortex Impeller**: Vortex impellers are designed to handle fluids with high levels of solids and debris without clogging, making them ideal for wastewater and slurry applications.
Liquid Flow
Centrifugal pumps can also be classified based on the direction of liquid flow through the pump. The two main types of liquid flow in centrifugal pumps are:
1. **Axial Flow Pumps**: In axial flow pumps, the fluid enters and exits the impeller in the same direction, providing a high flow rate at low head.
2. **Radial Flow Pumps**: Radial flow pumps have a perpendicular flow path, where the fluid enters the impeller axially and exits radially, generating higher pressure and lower flow rates compared to axial flow pumps.
Shaft Orientation
The orientation of the pump shaft relative to the horizontal plane also distinguishes different types of centrifugal pumps:
1. **Horizontal Centrifugal Pumps**: These pumps have a horizontal shaft orientation and are commonly used in industrial and commercial applications where space is not a constraint.
2. **Vertical Centrifugal Pumps**: Vertical pumps have a vertical shaft orientation, making them suitable for applications where space is limited or where the pump needs to be submerged in the fluid being pumped.
Number of Stages
Centrifugal pumps can be single-stage or multi-stage, depending on the number of impellers or stages within the pump. The number of stages in a centrifugal pump determines the pump's ability to generate high pressures. Single-stage pumps have one impeller, while multi-stage pumps have multiple impellers arranged in series to achieve higher pressure levels.
Pump Casing Type
The pump casing plays a vital role in directing the flow of fluid through the pump and protecting the impeller. Different types of pump casings are used in centrifugal pumps, including:
1. **Volute Casing**: Volute casings are the most common type and provide a gradual expansion in the flow area, reducing turbulence and increasing efficiency.
2. **Diffuser Casing**: Diffuser casings have vanes that guide the flow of fluid from the impeller to the discharge, increasing the pump's efficiency and pressure capabilities.
3. **Axial Split Casing**: In axial split casings, the casing is split along the shaft axis, allowing for easier maintenance and repair of the pump internals.
There are several classifications for centrifugal pumps — in terms of impellers, liquid flow, shaft orientation, number of stages, and type of pump casing. Centrifugal pumps are most efficient in transporting “clean fluids” — …
How does a centrifugal pump work? The impeller is the key component of a centrifugal pump. It consists of a series of curved vanes. These are normally sandwiched between two discs (an enclosed impeller). For fluids with entrained solids, an open or semi-open impeller (backed by a single disc) is preferred (Figure 1). .
how many types of centrifugal pump|types of centrifugal pumps pdf